TMJ is a pair of synovial joints that connect lower jaw to the base of the skull. “TMJ” refers to the actual jaw joint, while “TMD” stands for temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a group of orofacial pain conditions which are the most common non-dental pain complaint in the maxillofacial region.
The pathologic processes affecting this kind of joints include 1 of the following etiologies: inflammatory, infectious, degenerative, traumatic, or neoplastic and tumor-like conditions.
The most common source of TMD (temporomandibular disorder) is the improper positioning of the lower jaw in relation to the upper jaw. This misalignment forces the masticatory (chewing) and neck muscles to work harder, leading to continuous muscle spasms. These spasms can trigger a cascade of changes as the surrounding structures attempt to adapt to the new conditions, potentially resulting in further complications.
Overused masticatory muscles tend to shorten, drawing the related bones into a more pathological position. These shorter, tighter muscles exert extra pressure on nearby nerve branches, leading to disrupted nerve signal transmission and resulting in pain and abnormal sensations. Additionally, the compression of blood vessels reduces blood supply, leading to decreased oxygen delivery to the muscles and surrounding structures. This impaired circulation also hinders the removal of waste products, causing an accumulation of byproducts and altering the pH levels in the affected tissues, further exacerbating the condition.
This accumulation of waste products, which are acidic in nature, contributes to pain and dysfunction as they are harmful to vital tissues. The combination of reduced oxygen supply and the buildup of these acidic byproducts creates an environment that further irritates the affected muscles and structures, leading to increased discomfort and impaired function.
Adjacent structures, such as the ears, sinuses, and eyes, also suffer from the effects of abnormal muscular activity, which can lead to various levels of dysfunction. Insufficient circulation caused by muscle tension can result in morning headaches and episodes of vertigo, further complicating the condition and affecting overall well-being.